Result of Climate Change in South Asia

Climate change is no longer an issue for the distant future. Climate change is already taking place, and the South Asian countries, particularly the poorest people, are most at risk.The impacts of higher temperatures, more variable precipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level rise are felt in South Asia and will continue to intensify.These changes are already having major impacts on the economic performance of South Asian countries and on the lives and livelihoods of millions of poor people.The impacts result not only from gradual changes in temperature and sea level but also, in particular, from increased climate variability and extremes, including more intense floods, droughts, and storms.

(Source: Managing Climate Risk: Integrating Adaptation into World Bank Group Operations)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth Assessment report provided specific information for South Asia region concerning the nature of future impacts.

Some of the future impacts include,

•Glacier melting in the Himalayas is projected to increase flooding and will affect water resources within the next two to three decades.

• Climate change will compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and economic development.

• Crop yields could decrease up to 30% in South Asia by the mid-21st century.

• Mortality due to diarrhea primarily associated with floods and droughts will rise in South Asia.

• Sea-level rise will exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards.

Impact on South Asia’s poor

The consequences of such environmental changes include:

• decreased water availability and water quality in many arid and semiarid regions

• an increased risk of floods and droughts in many regions

• reduction in water regulation in mountain habitats

• decreases in reliability of hydropower and biomass production

• increased incidence of waterborne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and cholera

• increased damages and deaths caused by extreme weather events

• decreased agricultural productivity

• adverse impacts on fisheries

• adverse effects on many ecological systemsAs a result of these changes, climate change could hamper the

achievement of many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including those on poverty eradication, child mortality, malaria, and other diseases, and environmental sustainability.

Much of this damage would come in the form of severe economic shocks. In addition, the impacts of climate change will exacerbate existing social and environmental problems and lead to migration within and across national borders.

Climate Change in South Asia – A Conversation with Sir Nicholas Stern

From the Himalayas, which feed water to a billion people, to the coastal areas of Bangladesh, South Asian countries must prepare for the effects of global warming, even as they work to combat the human causes of climate change.

You have to give examples from around the world for people to really understand what’s going on. In India and China, I think people understand the rising water stress, and how vulnerable they are to melting glaciers and snows from the Himalayas,” Stern said. He used the analogy of the Himalayas as a sponge, moderating the impact of precipitation as seasons change.

”Precipitation comes, and it’s held there. That’s how you get water in the rivers. That effect will not be there if the glaciers and snow are not there. Which means you’ll get torrents during the wet season and dry rivers in the dry season. So you’ll get a combination of flood and drought,” Stern said.

“We also don’t know what effect that will have on the monsoon, and it could have quite a strong effect. That kind of thing is being studied now,” he added. The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology supplies climate change data to SAARC nations, and is engaged in its largest recruitment drive in a decade.

Agriculture represents a fourth of India’s national income, and that sector could be seriously disrupted by changes to the monsoon. Mitigation strategies are needed to deal with the risks.

“We have to adapt how we handle water extraction, and irrigation. Water management is involved in all of this. Work has to be done on what crops would be resilient,” Stern said.

Urban areas throughout the region are also at risk, as water supplies could be disrupted over time. Infrastructure must be upgraded for sanitation and drinking water, as well as for adequate storm drainage in areas prone to flooding.

Population Statistics in Bangladesh

Population
133,376,684 (July 2002 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 33.8% (male 23,069,242; female 21,995,457)
15-64 years: 62.8% (male 42,924,778; female 40,873,077)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 2,444,314; female 2,069,816) (2002 est.)

Population growth rate
1.59% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 25.12 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)

Sex Ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female.
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female.
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female.
65 years and over: 1.18 male(s)/female.
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2002 est.) .

Infant mortality rate
68.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 60.92 years.
male: 61.08 years
female: 60.74 years (2002 est.)

Total fertility rate
2.72 children born/woman (2002 est.)

Nationality
Bangladeshi

Ethnic groups
Bengali 98%, Biharis & tribals.

Religions
Muslim 88.3%, Hindu 10.5%, other 1.2% .

Languages
Bangla (official), English.

Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write.
total population: 56%.
male : 63%.
female: 49% (2000 est.)

400 Years Of Dhaka

Dense, dirty, dying Dhaka
Once lovable city now subject to neglect

Lying on a bed at the labour unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Rita Begum is indeed very happy and proud. She has become mother of an angel like baby girl. The child is now safe under her mother's observant eyes. But how will she grow up in a city of pollution, over population and traffic mismanagement?Will this city be liveable by the time she herself becomes a mother? The answer is not unpredictable to urban researchers. Dhaka city, which was developed as an urban settlement centuries ago and turned into one of the fastest growing mega metropolises in the world, may not be liveable, the researchers fear.Once a city of gardens and mosques, which the rulers chose to make their capital, Dhaka is now gripped by a large base of increasing number of poor population.Every year the city is expanding on an average ratio of 3.1 percent. But infrastructures and environmental protection are not developing in a sustainable way, which makes the urban experts highly concerned."Within five years overall situation of the city would be in a very bad shape as the condition of environment is already very bad. The drainage system is worsening day by day and the government fails to introduce long-term transport system," said Prof Nazrul Islam, honorary chairman of Centre for Urban Studies.There is also not much hope in power, energy and water supply system as the government has yet to take any new initiatives to meet the ever-increasing demands.The surface water has been polluted severely; quality of air in and around the city is already in a bad shape. Every year groundwater level is receding fast due to over extraction. Demand for water, electricity, and gas is increasing every day.Every month around 3,000 new vehicles hit the road contributing to increasing air pollution and severe traffic congestion. This is also badly hampering the average speed of the vehicles.Different UN bodies have already projected in their reports last year that Dhaka is going to be the second most populated city by 2015, next to Tokyo, with a growth rate of urban population at 3.1 percent per year.Now the city is struggling to deal with many issues including population, infrastructure and environment management, traffic and transport management, social and utility services including electricity, gas, communications, water, health and education.

POPULATION

Since independence in 1971, population of Dhaka began to increase rapidly. In 1974 (no census occurred in 1971 due to the Liberation War) the population was recorded about 1.77 lakh.Today the population of Dhaka has exceeded 13 millions and is increasing at a rate of 3.1 percent every year.According to available records, the population of Dhaka city was 68,038 in 1838 as recorded by Bishop Heber. On the other hand, James Rennel, an East India Company officer, mentioned it to be 51,636 in 1867.Dhaka's position in terms of population in 2001 was eighth among the ten most densely populated cities. It is projected to be the second with about 2.11 crore population in 2015, a UN body estimates.Researchers believe migration contributes to at least 40 percent of Dhaka's population. Male population is much higher than female population -- now the male-female ratio is not less than 116:100.

POLLUTION

Water and air pollution has already become a very serious concern. Continuous media reports and pressures from the environmentalists forced the authorities to take some measures, which are not enough.Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (Buet) has recently published a research. It says rivers around the city including the Buriganga, Turag, Balu and Tongi Khal are so polluted that no fish or other aquatic species can survive in their waters. During monsoon, some fish and other aquatic species are seen there but they disappear again as soon as the floodwater recedes. Indiscriminate discharging of industry waste, human excreta and household garbage led those rivers, canals, lakes and other water sources to severe pollution.

AIR POLLUTION

According to data from Air Quality Monitoring Project (AQMP), floating particles in city air both smaller (PM 2.5) and bigger (PM 10) are several times higher than the EPA (US Environment Protection Agency) standard. Experts from the Department of Environment say faulty vehicles, especially diesel-run ones, brick kilns, dust from roads and construction sites and toxic fumes from industries are the main sources of PM 10 and PM 2.5.

TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT

Now the city has a hazardous, expensive and slow transport system. According to Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) sources, the city has only 7.9 percent road capacity against a standard 25 percent.The traffic and environment problems are going to be more chaotic in near future.Sources in Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) say the total number of motorised vehicles in the city now stands at a staggering 1.05 million. These vehicles are crammed into some 220-kilometre road creating one of the highest traffic densities in the world. The sources add nearly three thousand new vehicles are now hitting the city every month.

URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

The city is being extended outward more than planning. The authorities are neither prepared nor seriously concerned about preparations for future. The Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha is still waiting to implement the master plan of 1995 which was also made under the guidelines of the 1959 master plan. The administration and management style is so outdated and corrupt that more than 80 percent of city buildings were constructed without appropriate planning. Experts say it is difficult to visualise how the authorities will mange a metropolis in future many folds bigger than what it is today. May be the authorities will take pride in a few enclaves, flyovers, high-rises, but the real problems are likely to remain unresolved or untouched.

52nd Draw Result of 100 taka prize bond (Held 31-07-2008)

52nd Draw Result of 100 taka prize bond (Held 31-07-2008)
Easy search instruction: If you are using microsoft IE please press ctrl+F and write your number in search box. Finaly search up and down direction from your pointer. For geting find box you can go menu Edit->find(on this page).
Result below will granted for all series
1st prize
0889640 Amount 6,00,000/-
2nd prize
0718112 Amount 3,25,000/-
3rd prize
0046674 and 0250639 Amount 1,00,000/-
4th prize
0414690 and 0461153 Amount 50,000/-

5th prize
0003449,0016649,0020841,0039681,0051121,0070343
0104727,0148066,0175267
0207929,0280555,0289854,0296832
0314964,0330739,0355743
0489477,0489840
0500589
0646667,0668897,0676567
0750930,0751030,0792776
0808594,0856941,0866407,0887819,0892090
0905538,0916718,0922711,0923200,0930450,0931383,0934531,0981241,0987519,0995270

Amount 10,000/-

Jahangirnagar University

Jahangirnagar University is a public university of Bangladesh. It is the one and only residential university in the country.
The university was established in 1970 by the government of Pakistan by the Jahangirnagar Muslim University Ordinance, 1970. During the first two years, it operated as a project. Its first Vice-Chancellor took up office on September 24, 1970. The first group of students, a total of 150, was enrolled in four departments: Economics, Geography, Mathematics and Statistics. Its formal inauguration was delayed until January 12, 1971, when the university was formally launched by Rear Admiral S. M. Ahsan, the Chancellor. The university was formally launched on 12 January 1970.
After the independence of Bangladesh the university was renamed as Jahangirnagar University by Jahangirnagar University Act, 1973.
In 2008 the university had a total of 4,985 students, 347 teachers, 157 staffs and 1,100 other employees.

Location and campus
The university stands on the west side of the Asian Highway, popularly known as the Dhaka-Aricha Road, and is only 32 kilometers away from the capital. Spread over a land area of 697.56 acres (2.8 km²), the campus lies between the Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC) and the Savar Cantonment, on the north of which is the National Monument (Jatiyo Smriti Soudho). The topography of the land, with its gentle rise and plains, is soothing to the eye. The bodies of water sprawling around the campus make an excellent habitat for the winter birds that flock there every year by the thousands, making bird-watching a favorite pastime for many visitors, students and staff. Jahangirnagar is the only residential university of Bangladesh. The beauty of this university campus attracts tourists.The university is completely residential, every student has an accommodation in one of the dormitories of the university.
Departments
There are 26 departments under 4 faculties:
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Department of Bangla
Department of English
Department of History
Department of Philosophy
Department of Archaeology
Department of Drama and Dramatics
Department of International Relations
Faculty of Biological Science
Department of Botany
Department of Zoology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Department of Microbiology
Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Science
Department of Physics
Department of Statistics
Department of Chemistry
Department of Mathematics
Department of Geological Science
Department of Environmental Sciences
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Faculty of Social Science
Department of Economics
Department of Anthropology
Department of Government and Politics
Department of Business Administration
Department of Geography and Environment
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Department of Public Administration
Institutes
There are two institutes for specialized research and training:
Institute of Computer and Information Technology
Institute of Remote Sensing
Halls/Dorms
Halls for Male Students

Al Beruni Hall
Mir Mosharrof Hossain Hall
A. F. M Kamaluddin Hall
Shahid Salam Barkat Hall
Moulana Bhashani Hall
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Hall
Halls for Female Students
Nobab Foijunnesha Hall
Fajilatunnesha Hall
Jahanara Imam Hall
Pritilota Hall
Begum Khaleda Zia Hall

Tour Chittagong Region in Bangladesh

Sitakundu
The famous Chandranath Temple & Buddhist temples are in Sitakundu, 37 km for from Chittagong city. Famous among the many temples in this place, the Chandranath Temple and the Buddhist Temple has a footprint of Lord Buddha. These places particularly the hilltops are regarded as very sacred by the Buddhists and the Hindus. Siva-chaturdashi festival is held every year in February when thousands of pilgrims assemble for the celebrations, which last about ten days. There is a salt-water spring 5 km. to the north of Sitakunda, known as Labanakhya.
You can enjoy the steer ridings to go to Chandranath’s temple by walking. It is situated on the top of the hill from where you can enjoy the beauty of the sea & also the hill areas. Now in sitakunda there’s made an eco park.
Parki beach
Parki beach might be the next tourist attraction of Bangladesh, which is situated in Anwara thana under southern Chittagong region.
The beach lies 16-17 km away from Chittagong city. As the beach is situated at the Karnafuli river channel, visitors can view both the Karnafuli river and the sea together. Tourists enjoy the views of big ships anchored at the outer dock, fishermen catching fish in sea, sunset, various colored crabs at the beach and quiet environment.
Chandraghona
Forty-eight kilometer from Chittagong, on the Kaptai Road is Chandraghona where one of the biggest paper mills in Asia is located. Close to the paper mill, there is a rayon factory, which produces synthetic fibers from bamboo.
Cox's Bazar
Cox's Bazar is one of the most attractive tourist spots & the longest sea beach in the world (approx. 120 km long). Miles of golden sands, towering cliffs, surfing waves, rare conch shells, colorful pagodas, Buddhist temples and tribes, delightful seafood--this is Cox's Bazar, the tourist capital of Bangladesh.
The warm shark free waters are good for bathing and swimming & while the sandy beaches offer opportunities for sun-bathing.The beauty of the setting-sun behind the waves of the sea is simply captivating. Locally made cigars and handloom products of the tribal Rakhyne families are good buys.
Every year lots of foreign & local tourist come here to spend their leisure in Cox’s Bazaar. Though the season is in winter but Cox's Bazar sea beach is crowded almost through out the year. Especially in winter season, it is hard to get an accommodation in the hotels if booking is not made earlier.
If you are really adventurous and want to enjoy the wildness and madness of the ruff and tuff Sea you can come to Cox's bazar in the month of mid April, Sea continue its wildness till August; and its even more exotic if you come to Cox's Bazar in the time of depression of the Sea.
Himchori and Inani Beach
There are many attractions for the tourists around Cox’s Bazaar. From Cox’s Bazaar Sea shore, you can go to these places by jeep and it is really exotic to drive on the seashore. Himchori is famous for waterfall, though in the winter season it dwindles but during the rainy season it’s really a fabulous and full waterfall can be enjoyed. Inani beach is famous for the rock and coral boulders; you will find big coral boulders in this beach. You can plan a trip to Inani beach via Himchory for a half day or may be a full day sightseeing. Please take packet lunch with you.
Moheshkhali Island
It is another attraction for the tourists who go to Cox’s Bazaar. An island off the coast of Cox's Bazar. It has an area of 268 square kilometers. Through the center of the island and along the eastern coastline rises, a range of low hills, 300 feet high; but the coast to the west and north is a low-lying treat, fringed by mangrove jungle. In the hills on the coast is built the shrine of Adinath, dedicated to Siva. By its side on the same hill is Buddhist Pagoda. You can go to this Island by local motorboat called trawler or by speedboat. By trawler, it takes an hour and a half and by speedboat, it takes only half an hour to reach this Island. You will find mangrove forests, hilly areas, salt field etc. This island is famous for Buddhist Temple and Pagoda; you can enjoy a full day sight seeing if you intend to visit Sonadia and some other Islands nearby. In the morning you can start for Moheskhali, spend time to watch Moheskhali’s tourist places, take lunch there and on return you can visit Sonadia and other nearby Islands where you can sea the live fishing & fishermen lifestyle; By the afternoon you can come back to Cox’s Bazaar.
Sonadia Island
It is about seven kilometer of Cox's Bazar and about nine square kilometer in area. The western side of the island is sandy and different kinds of shells are found on the beach. Off the northern part of the island, there are beds of windowpane oysters. During winter, fisherman set up temporary camps on the island and Dries Sea fishes, which they catch from Sea.
St. Martins Island
St. Martins Island is the most beautiful Coral Island where you will find live corals. Its only 30 km from Teknaf and you can go there by local motorboat, tourist boats, or sea truck.
This small coral island about 10km (6mi) southwest of the southern tip of the mainland is a tropical cliché, with beaches fringed with coconut palms and bountiful marine life. There’s nothing more strenuous to do here than soak up the rays, but it’s a clean and peaceful place without even a mosquito to disrupt your serenity.
It’s possible to walk around the island in a day because it measures only 8 sq km (3 sq mi), shrinking to about 5 sq km (2 sq mi) during high tide. Most of island’s 5500 inhabitants live primarily from fishing, and between October and April fisher people from neighboring areas bring their catch to the island’s temporary wholesale market.
In this Island, you will find the beautiful Coral reef and long Coral beach and lots of coconut trees. The local name of the coconut is Narikel and the original name of this Island is Narikel Jinjira is derived from that. Accommodation in St. Martins Island is limited, so it is advisable to book accommodation before you plan to go to this Island. Motel Nijhum is one of the best hotels in St. Martins Island. To book in Motel Nijhum, confirm you reservation from Dhaka. You will hardly get a chance to stay in this hotel if you are a sudden visitor of St. Martins Island. The other good hotels are Prashad Paradise & Sraboni Bilash.
Booking of these hotels are also possible from Dhaka. All these three hotels are situated adjacent to Seashore. From these hotels lobby or veranda, you can enjoy the Sea. There are some other motels and hotels established in St. Martins Island.
Overnight staying in St. Martins Island is really an exotic feeling where you will feel and listen the sound of Sea. If you are lucky enough then you can spend the exotic moonlit night at St. Martins Island. The beauty of Full moon in St. Martins Island cannot be expressed, if you are not there at that time.Cheera-dwip is a part of St. Martins Island but divided during tides. You can go to Cheera-dwip by walking. About two and a half hours walk from St. Martins Island or you can go there also by local.
motorboat or tourist boat. In that Island you will find the Corals - living and dead all over the Island. A small bush is there which in the only green part of Cheera-dwip, enhancing the beauty of this island. People do not live in this Island, so advisable for the tourists to go there early and come back by afternoon.
Nijhum Island
This Island could be the next prime tourist spot after St. Martins Island. It’s a natural beauty of mangrove forests where you will find Dears of specific species and Monkeys. A huge numbers of migrated birds come in this Island in winter season, enhancing the beauty of this Island. The communication is not excellent but if some one wishes to bear the trouble to go to this Island, he will be enchant to see the beauty of this Island. You can go to this Island either from Dhaka or from Chittagong.
From Chittagong first you will to go Hatia Island by Motor boat or Ship and from there you can go to Nijhum Island by local motor boat. From Dhaka you can go Tomzuddion by launch from Sadarghat launch terminal. From there you can go to Nijhum Island by local motorboat. Accommodation is very limited for the tourists in this Island. You can take foods from local restaurants but be careful about the quality of foods. If you can take prior permission for forest department then you can stay in forest rest house in Nijhum Island. Another possibility for accommodation is in District Parishod Guest house. If you take the permission from Thana administration (TNO) of Hatia you can also stay in the District Parishod Guest house. For the adventure seekers Nijhum Island could be one of the greatest experience of journey and it will be a memorable enjoyment to stay and pass some days in this isolated Island.

The Aggameda Khyang, Cox's Bazar

Equally elaborate in plan, elevation and decoration is the Aggameda Khyang near the entrance to the Cox's Bazar town, which nestles at the foot of a hill under heavy cover of a stand of large trees. The main sanctuary-cum-monastery is carried on a series of round timber columns, which apart from accommodating the prayer chamber and an assembly hall, also is the repository of a large of small bronze Buddha images-mostly of Burmese origin-- and some old manuscripts. Beyond the main khyang to the south, there is an elevated wooden pavilion and a smaller brick temple with a timber and corrugated metal root. Apart from bearing an inscription in Burmese over its entrance, the temple contains some large stucco and bronze Buddha images.
Ramu
This is a typical Buddhist village, about 16 km. from Cox's Bazar, on the main road to Chittagong. There are monasteries, khyangs and pagodas containing images of Buddha in gold, bronze and other metals inlaid with precious stones.
One of the most interesting of these temples is on the bank of the Baghkhali River. It houses not only interesting relics and Burmese handicrafts but also a large bronze statue of Buddha measuring thirteen feet high and rests on a six feet high pedestal. The wood carving of this khyang is very delicate and refined.
The village has a charm of its own. Weavers ply their trade in open workshops and craftsmen make handmade cigars in their pagoda like houses.
Teknaf
The side of river Naf and the Bay of Bengal situate Teknaf Town, which is the southernmost tip of Bangladesh. It’s a real natural beauty of hills, forest & Naf River. Lots of Salt fields are there by the side of River Naf. There are natural waterfalls in Teknaf, which increases the beauty of nature.
You can come to Teknaf from Cox’s bazaar by an exotic jeep drive besides the Seashore or you can go there by bus or Microbus by road. By road journey, it is 84 km from Cox’s Bazaar.
You can enjoy shopping in the local market called Burmese Market where you will find all the Burmese & tribal hand made materials. Do not forget to see the Well of Ma-Thin – which tells a sad story of love. Myanmar is on the opposite bank of Naf River. Wild animals and birds are available but the most interesting thing is a journey on the river.
Wide sandy beach in the backdrop of high hills with green forests is an enchanting scene never to be forgotten.
Comilla
Though this city is nearer from Dhaka but it is in Chittagong Division. Distance of Comilla from Dhaka in 95 km where as from Chittagong town its 167 km .The main attractions of Comilla are Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), the home of famous Comilla Approach to rural development, Lalmai and Maynamoti hills, Shalban Monastery, Maynamoti museum and Comilla Zoo. Comilla Maheshangon houses one of the richest libraries of old literature and culture.
BARD (Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development)
This is one of the main attractions in Comilla. This is one of the richest academic institutions for conducting research and action research; execute projects and pilot experimentation and imparting training in the diversified areas of rural development. The famous Comilla Model has been developed for sustained development. Besides academic excellence, the beautiful gardens and planned plantations of various trees are really enjoyable. You can also avail yourself of the facilities to organize seminar symposium and training in this complex .It is undoubtedly one of the good venue in Bangladesh where you can organize seminar, symposiums and workshops. BARD has excellent accommodation facilities for over 250 persons and its cafeteria provides quality foods. For one or two days refreshing you can go to BARD and spend some good time in a very secured and calm place.
Lalmai Moinamoti and Shalbon Bihar
They are famous historical and archeological places around Comilla. These are a series of hillocks, where the Northern part is called Moinamoti and the Southern part is called Lalmai; and Shalbon Bihar is in the Middle of Lalmai and Moinamoti, which the was established in 8th century by King Buddadev. Salban Vihara, almost in the middle of the Mainarnati-Lalmai hill range consists of 115 cells, built around a spacious courtyard with cruciform temple in the centre facing its only gateway complex to the north resembling that of the Paharpur Monastery.
Kotila Mura situated on a flattened hillock, about 5 km north of Salban Vihara inside the Comilla Cantonment is a picturesque Buddhist establishment. Here three stupas are found side by side representing the Buddhist "Trinity" or three jewels i.e. the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.
Charpatra Mura is an isolated small oblong shrine situated about 2.5 km. north-west of kotila Mura stupas. The only approach to the shrine is from the East through a gateway, which leads to a spacious hall.
If you are in Comilla and already visited Lalmai, Moinamoti then don’t miss to go Moinamoti museum – where you will find the historical things found in Lalmai & Moinamoti of 7th & 8th centuries. The Mainamati site Museum has a rich and varied collection of copper plates, gold and silver coins and 86 bronze objects. Over 150 bronze statues have been recovered mostly from the monastic cells, bronze stupas, stone sculptures and hundreds of terracotta plaques each measuring on an average of 9" high and 8" to 12" wide. Mainamati is only 114 km. from Dhaka City and is just a day's trip by road on way to Chittagong.

Chittagong Hill Tracks
Decidedly untypical of Bangladesh in topography and culture, the Chittagong Hill Tracts have steep jungle hills, Buddhist tribal peoples and relatively low-density population. The tracts are about 60km (37mi) east of Chittagong. The region comprises a mass of hills, ravines and cliffs covered with dense jungle, bamboo, creepers and shrubs, and have four main valleys formed by the Karnapuli, Feni, Shangu and Matamuhur rivers.
Rangamati, a lush and verdant rural area belonging to the Chakma tribe, is open to visitors, as is Kaptai Lake. The lake, ringed by thick tropical and semi-evergreen forests, looks like nothing else in Bangladesh. While the lake itself is beautiful, the thatched fishing villages located on the lakeshore are what make a visit really special.
Boats that visit the villages leave from Rangamati. Bring your swimming gear because you can take a plunge anywhere.
The Hills
The Hill Tract is divided into four valleys surrounded by the Feni, Karnaphuli, Sangu (Sankhu) and Matamuhuri rivers and their tributaries. The ranges or hills of the Hill Tracts rise steeply thus looking far more impressive than what their height would imply and extend in long narrow ridges. The highest peaks on the northern side are Thangnang, Langliang and Khantiang while those on the southern side are Ramu, Taung, Keekradang, Tahjindong (4632 ft, highest in Bangladesh), Mowdok Mual, Rang Tlang and Mowdok Tlang.
Tribal life
The inhabitants of the Hill Tracts are mostly tribal. Life of the tribal people is extremely fascinating. Majority of them are Buddhists and the rest are Hindus, Christians and Animists. Despite the bondage of religion, elements of primitiveness are strongly displayed in their rites, rituals and everyday life. The tribal families are matriarchal. The women-folk are more hardworking than the males and they are the main productive force.
The tribal people are extremely self-reliant, they grow their own food, their girls weave their own clothes and generally speaking, they live a simple life. Each tribe has its own dialect, distinctive dress and rites and rituals. The common feature is their way of life, which still speaks of their main occupation.
Some of them take pride in hunting with bows and arrows. Tribal women are very skilful in making beautiful handicrafts. Tribal people are generally peace loving, honest and hospitable. They usually greet a tourist with a smile.
The Forests
The valleys of the Hill Tracts are covered with thick-planted forests. The vegetation in semi-evergreen to tropical evergreen dominated by tall teak trees. The natural vegetation can be seen best in the Rain-khyong valleys of the Bandarban district.
This district provides valuable wood which is used for various purposes, besides supplying wood and bamboo for the Karnaphuli Paper Mills and the Rayon Mills situated at Chandraghona. Here a tourist may be lucky to see how huge logs of wood are being carried to the plain by the tamed elephants.

The Lakes
Famous Kaptai Lake, the largest "man-made" lake, spreading over 680 sq. km. of crystal-clean water flanked by hills and evergreen forests lies in the Rangamati Hill District. The lake was formed when the Karnaphuli river dam (153 feet high, 1800 feet long crest) was built for the purpose of hydroelectric power project at Kaptai. The old Rangamati town was submerged under lake water and a new town had to be built later. The lake is full of fish and provides facilities for cruising, swimming and skiing. There are also facilities for angling and short trip by Sampan, local name for country boats.
Hill Districts
The Hill Tracts is divided into three districts, namely Rangamati, Khagrachari and Bandarban.
N.B For visit of foreign tourists to the Hill Districts prior permission from the Government is required which can be arranged through Tour Operators & BPC.
Rangamati
If you don’t visit Rangamati you will not discover a big portion of natural beauties of Bangladesh. From Chittagong a 77 km. road amidst green fields and winding hills will take you to Rangamati. It is also connected by waterway from Kaptai.
This is the only place to visit through out the year. Rangamati expresses her full beauty in rainy season. Trees becoming greener, waterfalls are in full tide, the river Karnaphuli in her full wave in this season. If you already visited Rangamati in winter, we advice to go there again in monsoon; you will feel the difference of nature yourself.
Parjatan holiday complex is the best place to stay in Rangamati. There are other hotels in Rangamati where you can stay. Boating is the prime attraction in Rangamati. You can go to Kaptai and also by Karnaphuli River you can go deep in side the hill areas where on the way you will find lots of natural waterfalls. If you wish you can take shower in the waterfall or you can swim in the river. By boat you can visit the tribal villages, King Chakma's (tribal) Palace that is called Chakma Rajbari, Rajbonbihar pagoda, Tribal museum etc. You can also enjoy the tribal handmaid crafts if you go for shopping in the local market.
Kaptai Lake
Built in early sixties Kaptai Dam and the lake are the main attractions of Kaptai. If you are not visiting Kaptai separately then, don’t forget to go for a boating up to Kaptai on the Kaptai Lake while you go to Rangamati tour.

Khagrachari
Khagrachhari is the natural wild beauty of Bangladesh. Here you can visit the tribal lifestyle of Chakmas’ in Khagrachari. You can also visit Alutila hill. Approximately 100 meters long a very dark Cave is the mysterious beauty of Alutila hill.

Bandarban
Lots of hills and hilly areas, waterfalls, River Sangu, Lakes and the tribal culture are the main attraction of Bandarban.
You can go to Bandarban from Chittagong by road. Chimbuk hill is one of the major attractions of Bandarban. You can enjoy the journey to Chimbuk Hill by jig jag hilly roads. It’s the third highest mountain in Bangladesh of approx. 3000 ft height. Reach Chimbuk by jeep or microbus from Rangamati. A beautiful Rest house is there on the top of Chimbuk hill.
If you are lucky then you can feel the clouds touching your whole body. If you take the prior permission from Roads and Highway Department you can spent a night in the rest house on the top of Chimbuk hill. If you stay there a night, you will remember your stay for your whole life with the calmness of nature hearing sometimes the wild animals squalling.
Ruma is another hill town on the same rout of Chimbuk. If you wish to visit Ruma, then 01st go to Ruma spend some time there and then come back to Chimbuk Hill.
You can enjoy the Shailapropat a waterfall in Bandarban. Its also a tourist attraction of waterfall surrounded by hills & forest; be carefully while you go to Shailapropat - the rocky path way is very slippery, if you are not cautious there is a good chance to sleep & make an accident there.
Another tourist spot in Bandarban is Meghla - it’s a beautiful spot where you can enjoy boat or speedboat riding on the lake Meghla. If you are lucky you may see the wild animals in the forest. There are small shades in this spot to protect you from rains in the season of monsoon and from the hit of the Sun in hot summer days. A beautiful hanging wooden bridge enhances the beauty of this spot. In one side there are some constructions and facilities for the tourists like tower, restaurant while on the other side is wild life, natural forest and hills. In the town you can visit the house where the king of tribe Chakma lives.
and from there you can visit the archeological museum of Bandarban. In this museum you will find the archeological history of the tribal life and the tribes of hill areas of Bandarban. The museum authority has set up various tribal houses in the museum, which will give you a brief idea of kinds of tribal houses, their design and architectural structures.

51st Prize Bond Draw (Held 30-04-2008)

51st Draw Result of 100 taka prize bond (Held 30-04-2008)
Easy search instruction: If you are using microsoft IE please press ctrl+F and write your number in search box. Finaly search up and down direction from your pointer. For geting find box you can go menu Edit->find(on this page).

Result below will granted for all series
1st prize
0058577 Amount 6,00,000/-

2nd prize
0520109 Amount 3,25,000/-

3rd prize
0162255 and 0852530 Amount 1,00,000/-

4th prize
0181779 and 0367207 Amount 50,000/-

5th prize
0033075,0043710
0106949,0132637,0191440,0197666
0200844,0261052,0271868,0293397
0326786,0329983,0336641
0438144,0438450
0441302,0467941,0493351
0500378,0536382,0548065,0599575
0619263,0622595,0631760,0691558
0735529,0749874,0756769,0788841
0811659,0850464,0858581,0889692,0891963
0903435,0912344,0951066,0961151,0972954 Amount 10,000/-

Chittagong University

The University of Chittagong is a public university situated at Hathazari Upazila (Thana) of the district of Chittagong, Bangladesh. The university was established in 1966. Dr. Muhammad Yunus, founder of Grameen Bank and a pioneer in Microcredit theory in Economics, and the 2006 winner of Nobel Prize in peace, started his first experiments from this campus at the neighbouring village of Zobra. Dr. Jamal Nazrul Islam, a noted mathematician and physicist, is another faculty member. The university is located in a remote place from the city (22 km north of City of Chittagong. Therefore, it has shuttle trains service from 7:00 A.M. to 9:30 P.M. for students. There are bus services for the faculties and other staffs.
The University of Chittagong is surrounded by hills, and is bisected by a small stream. The campus also hosts a Buddhist temple named Bishwa Shanti Pagoda, which also serves as a residence hall for the university's Buddhist students.
Degrees offered
The university offers 4 Year Bachelor of Science (Honours) (B.Sc.), 1 Year Masters of Science (M.Sc.), both thesis and course work based, under the faculty of Science. The medium of instruction of this Faculty is English. Also, Post Graduate Degree (PGD) in Computer Science and Information Technology are offered.
It offers 4 Year Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) and 1 Year Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degrees under the faculty of Business Administration, 4 Year Bachelor of Social Science (BSS) and 1 Year Masters of Social Science (MSS) degrees under the Faculty of Social Science, 4 Year Bachelor of Arts (BA) and 1 Year Masters of Arts (MA) degrees under the faculty of Arts, 4 Year LLB and 1 Year LLM degree under the Faculty of Law. Chittagong University is the pioneer to offer 4 year BBA, BSc(Hons) in Forestry, Environmental Sciences, and Marine Science in Bangladesh. The university also offers 1 Year MS, 2 Year MPhil and 3 Year PhD degree by research.
Central Library
Library is a prime requisite for successful implementation of academic programmes of the University. The Chittagong University Library functions in order to fulfil the aims and objectives of its parent body University. It is situated in the University campus which is about 20 km. away from Chittagong City.
The functioning of the Chittagong University Library was launched in the month of November in 1966. It started with a 1imited staff and only with 300 volumes of books in the stock. It was housed in a temporary building covering a floor area of 1200 sft.
At the end of 1973, the library was shifted temporarily to present administrative building. In 1990 the library was shifted to its own building which is the largest and magnificent library building in Bangladesh. It is a two storied building with mezonine floor and total floor area of the library is 56,700 sft. It is situated in the central point of the University Campus having been surrounded by halls of residence and different faculty buildings.
Faculty and departments
With a modest beginning of 4 departments in 1966, the University of Chittagong has grown to 8 individual faculties, 35 departments, 3 institutes and 3 research centres. It has 3 affiliated Medical colleges under the Faculty of Medicine and 1 Veterinary Medicine College under the faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The veterinary medical college has recently been upgraded into a separate University. As such the number of faculties at present is 7. Current student enrolment is more than 15,000. Following is a list of faculties and the related departments.
Faculty of Science
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Applied Physics, Electronics & Communication Engineering
Department of Chemistry
Department of Mathematics
Department of Statistics
Department of Physics
Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries
Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences
Research Centre for Mathematics and Physical Sciences (RCMPS)
Faculty of Biological Sciences
Department of Botany
Department of Zoology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Department of Geography and Environmental Science
Department of Soil Science
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Arts
Department of Bengali
Department of English
Department of History
Department of Islamic History and Culture
Department of Philosophy
Department of Fine Arts
Department of Arabic
Department of Oriental Languages
Department of Islamic Studies and Culture
Department of Communication and Journalism
Nazrul Research Centre
Faculty of Social Science
Department of Economics
Department of Political Science
Department of Sociology
Department of Public Administration
Department of Anthropology
Department of International Relations (IR)
Department of Home Economics
Institute of Development Studies
Faculty of Business Administration
Department of Accounting and Information System
Department of Management Studies
Department of Marketing
Department of Finance and Banking
Bureau of Business Research
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Faculty of Medicine
Chittagong Medical College
Comilla Medical College
Other affiliated colleges
Chittagong Home Economics College Chittagong University Laboratory School and College

Rajshahi University

University of Rajshahi is a public university located in Rajshahi, a city in northern Bangladesh. Rajshahi University was established in 1953; the second university to be established in what was then East Pakistan.
The university's forty-seven departments are organized into eight faculties. Rajshahi University is located in a 753 acres (3 km²) campus in Motihar, 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the Rajshahi city centre. With 25,000 students and close to 1000 academic staff, it is one of the largest universities in Bangladesh. In addition to hosting programs in the arts, sciences, agriculture, social sciences, business studies and medical sciences, the university houses a number of institutes of higher studies.

History
The description on the memorial says, "Rajshahi University: Those who were martyred during the Liberation war".
The first proposal to establish a university came in 1917, when Calcutta University created the Sadler Commission to assess the university system in Bengal. However, the recommendations of the report had no immediate consequences.
Following the Partition of India in 1947, what is now Bangladesh became East Pakistan. University of Dhaka, established in 1926, was the only university in East Pakistan at the time. Demand for a university in the northern part of East Pakistan gained momentum when two universities were established in West Pakistan without the establishment of any in the east. Students of Rajshahi College were at the forefront of the movement demanding a new university. Finally, Rajshahi was selected as the home for the second university in East Pakistan and the Rajshahi University Act of 1953 (East Bengal Act XV of 1953) was passed by the East Pakistan provincial Assembly on 31 March 1953. Itrat Hossain Juberi, the Principal of Rajshahi College was appointed the first vice-chancellor of the university. Initially, the university was housed in temporary locations, such as the local circuit house and Bara Kuthi, a 18th-century Dutch establishment. B B Hindu Academy, a local school, housed the library, teachers' lounge and the medical centre of the university. The university started out with 20 professors, 161 students (of which 5 were female) and six departments—Bengali, English, History, Law, Philosophy and Economics. In 1964, the offices moved to the permanent campus.
The 1960s was a turbulent period in the history of Bangladesh, when demands for East Pakistani autonomy became stronger. The students and staff of the university started playing an increasing role in politics during this period. On 18 February 1969, Shamsuzzoha, a professor of the university was killed by the police when he tried to prevent them from shooting student demonstrators. This date is now commemorated as Zoha Day. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the university campus was used as a base by the Pakistan Army. A number of professors, students and officers of the university were killed by the Pakistan army during this period.
After independence, a new act regarding the administration of the university came into being—the Rajshahi University Act of 1973. The post-independence years saw the university grow steadily in student enrollment and size of the academic staff. However, the 1980s were turbulent years for the university, as the students agitated with other institutions of the country against the military rule of Hossain Muhammad Ershad. Since early 1990s, the university have seen relative calm and lowering of session backlogs, though active student politics remains a contentious issue to date.

Emblem
The current emblem of the university was also selected. The circle of the emblem represents the world. A open book is shown in red and gold, red representing one of the colors of the national flag, and gold the value of education. The body of the book is blue, the color of the sky, and at the centre is a shapla flower (Nymphaeaceae), the national flower of Bangladesh.
Campus
Main campus
The university's main campus is located in Motihar, on the eastern side of the city of Rajshahi and a mile from the river Padma. The campus area is nearly 753 acres (3.05 km²). Access to the walled-off university campus is controlled through three security gates. The campus houses eleven large academic buildings—five for the arts, business studies and social sciences, four for the sciences and two for agricultural studies.
The central part of the university, accessible by the main gate, is dominated by the administrative building, where the offices of the Vice-Chancellor and other officials are located. This is flanked by the senate building and the residence of the Vice-Chancellor on one side (also featuring the famous Shabash Bangladesh sculpture) and the university mosque and Shaheed Minar complex on the other. Behind the administrative building is the central library, around which the four science buildings and three main arts buildings are located. The science buildings are named numerically as the "First Science Building" and so on. The arts buildings are named respectively after Muhammad Shahidullah, Momtazuddin Ahmed and Rabindranath Tagore. More towards the east lie the stadium, the new teacher-student centre and the main auditorium.
The Kazla gate provides access to the south-western part of the campus. The Juberi international guest-house, Rajshahi University School and the main residential facilities for the academic staff and university officers are located here. Near the residential areas are all five dorms (known as residential halls) for female students. The eastern part of the campus houses the Institute of Bangladesh Studies, the medical and sports facilities and more residential facilities for the university staff—but is dominated by the eleven large dormitories for male students. From the Binodpur gate, the residential halls named after Nawab Abdul Latif, Shamsuzzoha and Madarbux are located to the north, while Sher-e-Bangla hall and the oldest dorm Motihar Hall lie to the west. The second largest mass graves in Bangladesh from the 1971 war era is located behind Shamsuzzoha Hall.
The campus contains a quite a few mango orchards. The Rajshahi area is regarded as one of the best mangoe producing areas in the country, and these orchards are leased out to professional farmers during the summer, when the fruits grow. The campus also reflects the region's silk industry, fields of mulberry trees are to be seen in the campus, both for agricultural and research needs. The northern part of the campus houses a botanical garden, which has a good collection of rare plants.
Other facilities
A few miles from the main campus is the Varendra Research Museum, one of the richest repertory of Bengal sculptures in the world. Established in 1910 by Ramaprasad Chanda, the museum became a part of the university in 1960s when a financial crisis threatened its existence. Under the university, the museum has thrived, adding an folklore gallery to its impressive collection from ancient and medieval Bengal. The Bara Kuthi, where the university was established is also still under university control, and is located on the Padma not too far away from Varendra Museum. The university has an agricultural facility few miles from the main campus. Rajshahi University maintains other facilities across the country including a guesthouse in the capital city, Dhaka.
Art and architecture
Rajshahi University is home to many architectural and artistic landmarks. The Shaheed Minar is an important example, complete with a mural designed by Murtaza Bashir. The Senate House is a modern mini-parliament house, usually used for meetings of the senate of the university, but it also accommodates national and international conferences, seminars and symposia. In front of the Senate House is Shabash Bangladesh, one of the largest war memorial sculptures in the nation; designed and constructed by Nitun Kundu. The name comes from a poem by Sukanta Bhattacharya of the same name, the last four lines of which is engraved under the structure. Golden Jubilee Tower, a 2003 addition to the university's array of sculptures, commemorates the university's 50th anniversary. Other well-known buildings include the library and the university mosque. The Department of Fine Arts hosts a sizeable collection of contemporary art, while Varendra Museum has a large collection of ancient and medieval art.
Organization and administration
The university is run according to the Rajshahi University Act of 1973. The act, passed in 1973, allows the university considerably more autonomy than most other peer institutions. The president of Bangladesh is the de-facto Chancellor of the university, but his role is mainly ceremonial. The highest official after the Chancellor is the Vice-Chancellor, selected by the senate of the university every four years. The Vice-Chancellor, as of 2007, is M Altaf Hossain. Other important officers of the university include the Pro-Vice-Chancellor, the registrar, the controller of examinations and the proctor. The proctor is in direct charge of student activities and is the official with most direct contact with the students. The most important statutory bodies of the university are the senate, the academic council and the syndicate. As a public institution, most of Rajshahi University's funding comes from the government. The University Grants Commission (UGC) is the body responsible for allocating funds to all public universities.
Students are admitted after they pass the Higher Secondary Exam (HSC exam). Students partake in entrance examinations, a separate one for each department. This has been a contentious issue, as there used to be only one exam for each faculty, after which students would be allocated to departments according to their result and choice of program. As a public university, Rajshahi University's tuition fees are relatively low; nevertheless, a hike in admission fees, during the 2006–07 session, have drawn criticism from student bodies. As of 2007, the university awards a total of 340 scholarships, whose annual value is around 1.1 million taka. In addition, there are merit awards given by residential halls, departments and the university itself. Students are also eligible for the Prime Minister's Gold Medal award. All colleges of the northern and southern regions of the country used to be affiliated with Rajshahi University. However, the administration of colleges across the country was taken over by the National University when it was established in 1992.
Academics
Faculties
The university's 47 departments are organised into eight faculties: Arts, Law, Science, Medicine, Business Studies, Social Sciences, Life and Earth Sciences, and Agriculture. The Arts and the Law faculties are the oldest in the university, both established in 1953, closely followed by the Faculty of Science (1956). The university's departments represent the traditional studies in arts and sciences through programs in history, linguistics, economics, mathematics, physics etc, but is increasingly emphasizing on more specialised programs such as information and communication engineering (est 2000) or genetics and breeding (est 1996).
The Faculty of Arts includes departments in languages and linguistics (Bengali, English, Arabic), historical studies (history, Islamic history and culture), philosophy and fine arts. In the late 1990s, programs in theater, music and folklore studies were introduced. The Faculty of Social Science has programs in sociology, social work, anthropology, economics, political science and media-related studies. The Faculty of Law consists only of the department of law, while the departments of finance and banking, management, marketing and accounting make up the Faculty of Business Studies. All facilities of these three faculties are located in the three arts buildings. The four science buildings house the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Life and Earth Science. The former has programs in physics, applied physics, mathematics, computer science, chemistry, biochemistry and information technology. Prominent departments in the faculty of Life and Earth Sciences include zoology, botany and geography; these are all housed in the third science building. Department of Geology & Mining is situated in the second science building.

Founded in 2000, the Faculty of Agriculture is the newest addition to the university, and was formed when a local agricultural college was absorbed into the university. The Faculty has programs in fishery, genetic engineering, agronomy and veterinary sciences. Faculty of Medicine is organized differently from other disciplines. Medical education is provided by seven medical colleges located around the Rajshahi Division. Though these colleges are autonomous to a large extent, the degrees are conferred by Rajshahi University. Rajshahi Medical College is the oldest medical college under administration of the university and is located a few miles west of the university campus. The university used to have an engineering program through BIT (Bangladesh Institute of Technology) Rajshahi, but BIT became an independent university and was renamed Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology in 2002.
Education and research
Undergraduates enroll for a four-year program. Students are assigned to a major when they enter the university, and cannot change it later. Most programs are organized by years, though the business programs use a semester system, and others have been following suit. Classes can be quite large in departments like history or accounting, due to a high student-to-teacher ratio (1:27).
Most departments offer masters programs that are one or two years in duration. Research in the university is conducted in specialised institutes as well as individual departments, which all have doctoral programs. As in other universities across the country, research plays second fiddle to education. The university has a research program related to the arsenic problem in Bangladesh. The Institute of Bangladesh Studies is a noted research institute that publishes the Journal of IBS. The Journal provides the Institute faculty as well as fellow academicians elsewhere an opportunity to publish research and review articles in English. The university is also home to Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR), an independent organisation conducting empirical and qualitative research in many fields. Much research work also centres around Varendra Research Museum.
Institutes, library and press
The university is home to five institutes. The oldest, established in 1974, is the Institute of Bangladesh Studies (IBS). Housed in the eastern end of the main campus, IBS was established by the Parliament of Bangladesh for research in Bangladesh-related topics. The institute conducts research and education at the postgraduate level, and has awarded 153 PhD degrees and 71 MPhil degrees in the humanities, social sciences and non-experimental sciences to date. The Institute of Biological Sciences (established in 1989) is another research institute focused on genetics and biological sciences, and was established through collaboration with the National Planning Commission. Three newer institutes have been established since: the Institute of Business Administration, the Institute of Environmental Sciences and the Institute of Education and Research. As of 2006, the establishment of two more institutes, an Institute of English Language and a post-graduate Institute of Information Technology was under way. The latter was established during a drive by the Bangladesh government to promote education in Information Technology (IT), when it provided Rajshahi University and 4 other major universities 3 crore taka each towards establishment of an IT institute.
The central library was established in 1955. Initially located at Bara Kuthi it was later shifted to its present location in the centre of the university campus. The library has a collection of 300,000 books and 2,000 journal titles. Students are found studying both in the reading rooms of the library and on the spacious corridors encircling the library on the ground floor. In addition to the central library, there are seminar libraries in all institutes, departments and residential halls. Rajshahi University Press publishes scholarly books on many topics, mostly written by the members of the university teaching staff.

University of Dhaka

The University of Dhaka (commonly referred to as Dhaka University or just DU) is the oldest university in Bangladesh. With more than 32,000 students and 1,300 teachers, the University of Dhaka is the largest public university in Bangladesh. It is a multi-disciplinary university and is among the top universities in the region. It is the only university in Bangladesh to have been listed in AsiaWeek's listing of top 100 Universities in Asia (64th).

History
From its inception until 1993, IBA offered the MBA as its major academic program. In 1993, after a review initiated by Professor Dr. M Shamsul Haque (Former Director, IBA; and former Treasurer, Dhaka University), a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) program was added. The BBA program is now one of the most coveted undergraduate programs in the country.
IBA has so far had 15 BBA batches and 41 MBA batches. In 2007, IBA has started an Evening Executive MBA (EMBA) program - replacing the existing evening-MBA. There are plans to revamp the BBA program (offering double majors, for example), too.

Administration
Institute of Business Administration, governed by the 4th Statute of the University of Dhaka, functions within the broad framework of policies, rules and regulations of the University. An 11-member Board of Governors provides the policy and administrative guidance for IBA. The Board of Governors is chaired by the Vice-Chancellor of University of Dhaka and it has the Director of IBA as its Member Secretary.

Prologue
Initially, the university worked hard to build up an outstanding record of academic achievement, earning for itself the reputation for being the 'Oxford of the East'. The university contributed to the emergence of a generation of leaders who distinguished themselves in different occupations in East Bengal.
Until the Partition of Bengal in 1947, it maintained its unique character of being one of the few residential institutions of higher learning in Asia. In 1947, it assumed academic authority over all educational institutions above the secondary level falling within East Bengal. In the process, it became a teaching-cum-affiliating institution. This transformation, coupled with its unprecedented growth in the years that followed, put strains beyond reckoning on its human as well as material resources.
The university demonstrated an inherent strength in its activities during its eventful and often critical existence of over 80 years. Today, it provides about 70% of the trained human resources of Bangladesh engaged in education, science and technology, administration, diplomacy, mass communication, politics, trade and commerce, and industrial enterprises in all sectors. Students and teachers of this university have played a major role in shaping the history of Bangladesh.
In 2007, Webometrics ranked this university's website 2nd in Bangladesh and 56th in the Indian subcontinent in their World Universities Ranking based on electronic publication, scientific results and international activities. Moreover it is 5918th in the world.

Foundation & early days
Established in 1921 under the Dacca University Act 1920 of the Indian Legislative Council, it is modelled after British universities. Academic activities started on July 1, 1921 with 3 faculties, 12 teaching departments, 60 teachers, 847 students and 3 residential halls.

Background

It is believed that a combination of political, social and economic compulsions persuaded the government of India to establish a university at Dhaka 'as a splendid imperial compensation' to Muslims for the annulment of the partition of Bengal. The first vice-chancellor of the university, Dr. PJ Hartog, a former academic registrar of the University of London for 17 years and a member of the University of Calcutta Commission, described this phenomenon as the 'political origin' of the institution.
The Partition of Bengal in 1905 provided the Muslim majority community of East Bengal and Assam with a sphere of influence of their own and raised new hopes for the development of the region and advancement of its people. But its annulment, barely six years later due to stiff opposition from the powerful Hindu leadership, was viewed by Muslims as 'a grievous wrong'. Muslims were late to realise that their educational backwardness was a root cause of their decline in other fields of life.
Viceroy Lord Hardinge was quick to perceive the dissatisfaction of Muslims and decided to pay an official visit to Dhaka to assuage the aggrieved community. A deputation of high ranking Muslim leaders, including Khan Bahadur Chowdhury Kazemuddin Ahmed Siddiky, Sir Nawab Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab Syed Nawab Ali Choudhury and A. K. Fazlul Huq, met him on January 31, 1912 and expressed their fears that the annulment would retard the educational progress of their community. As compensation for the annulment of the Partition, the deputation made a vigorous demand for a university at Dhaka. In response, Lord Hardinge affirmed that education was the true salvation of Muslims and that the government would recommend the constitution of such a university to the Secretary of State.
Many Hindu leaders were not happy with the government's intention to set up a university at Dhaka. On February 16, 1912, a delegation headed by advocate Dr Rash Bihari Ghosh, met the viceroy and expressed the apprehension that the establishment of a separate university at Dhaka would promote 'an internal partition of Bengal'. They also contended, as was recorded in the Calcutta University Commission report later, that "Muslims of Eastern Bengal were in large majority cultivators and they would benefit in no way by the foundation of a university". Lord Hardinge assured that the new university would be open to all and it would be a teaching and a residential university.
The opposition by Hindu intelligentsia was not the only hurdle in implementation of the plan for the new university. Many complex legal and material issues were to be examined. After obtaining the approval of the Secretary of State, the government of India invited the government of Bengal to submit a complete scheme for the university. Accordingly, in a resolution of May 27, 1912, the government of Bengal appointed a committee of 13 members headed by Mr Robert Nathan, a barrister from London, to draw up a scheme for Dhaka University.The committee acted with speed and with the thoroughness and wisdom of 25 special sub-committees, it submitted its report in autumn of the same year. The report contained plans of the proposed buildings and estimates of capital expenditure amounting to Rs 5.3 million (later raised to Rs 6.7 million by the Public Works and Development agency) and of recurring expenditure amounting to Rs 1.2 million. The report went into considerable details about the mission of the university and its courses of study. The committee recommended that the university should be a state institution with unitary teaching and residential form on the model of modern UK universities such as Manchester, Leeds, and Liverpool, and that it should encompass seven colleges including Dacca College and Jagannath College. The entire teaching in science, law, medicine, and engineering at postgraduate level was to be conducted by the university itself. In fact, the Dhaka University model was highly appraised and was later, followed in establishing new universities at Allahabad, Benaras, Hyderabad, Aligarh, Lucknow and Annamalai.

The Nathan Committee suggested for the university a spectacular site of about 243 acres (0.98 km²) forming part of the new civil station created at Ramna for the government of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The site housed Curzon Hall, Dacca College, the new government house, the secretariat, the government press, a number of houses for officers, and other minor buildings. In due course, all this land with their buildings and other properties was made over to the university in a permanent lease on a nominal rent of Rs 1,000 a year. After the committee report was published in 1913, the Secretary of State approved it in December 1913. Then with the emergence of First World War, acute financial stringency led the government to keep the decision in abeyance. This caused misgivings in the minds of Muslim leaders. When Nawab Syed Nawab Ali Choudhury raised the issue in the Indian Legislative Council on March 7, 1917, Shankaran Nair, the government spokesman, reaffirmed the government pledge to establish the university.
The decision to appoint a commission to enquire into the problems and needs of Calcutta University was announced by its chancellor Lord Chelmsford at convocation on January 6, 1917. Accordingly a commission was formed with Dr. ME Sadler as its chairman. The Commission agreed with most parts of the Nathan Committee scheme and urged that the University of Dhaka should be established without further delay.
The commission made 13 recommendations, which were mostly adopted, in the Dacca University Act 1920. The Governor General of India appointed Dr. PJ Hartog as the first vice-chancellor for a term of 5 years beginning December 1, 1920. He assumed office on December 10, 1920.Hartog put the university on a firm footing in his 5-year tenure of dedicated service.The advancement of the young university in the direction of academic excellence diligently marked by Hartog was carried forward by able successors such as Prof Harry Langley, AF Rahman, Dr. RC Majumdar, Dr. Mahmood Hasan and others.

Academic divisions: Faculties & Institutions
Today, there are 10 faculties, 52 departments, 9 institutes, 34 research centres, 1,545 teachers, about 30,000 students, 18 residential halls and 2 hostels. Two-thirds of the present faculty possesses degrees from universities in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia. Many of them achieved international reputation for their scholarly works. Many also have the experience of teaching in well-known institutions of higher learning abroad.

Faculties

Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Biological Science
Faculty of Business Studies
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of PGMR
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Science
Faculty of Social Science
Faculty of Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Arts

Departments
Department of Bengali
Department of English
Department of Arabic
Department of Persian Language and Literature
Department of Urdu
Department of Sanskrit
Department of Pali and Buddhist Studies
Department of History
Department of Philosophy
Department of Islamic Studies
Department of Islamic History and Culture
Department of Information Science & Library Management
Department of Theatre & Music
Department of Linguistics
Department of World Religions

Faculty of Science
The science faculty was started with only three department in 1921 - Physics , Chemistry & Mathematics Department.Now there are about nine departments in faculty of science.

Departments
Department of Physics
Department of Mathematics
Department of Chemistry
Department of Statistics
Department of Geography and Environment
Department of Geology
Department of Theoretical Physics

Constituent Colleges
College of Textile Technology, Dhaka
Bangladesh College of Leather Technology, Dhaka
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka.
Bangladesh Institute of Textile Techonology, Tangail

Faculty of Engineering
Departments
Department of Applied Physics, Electronics & Communication Engineering
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Faculty of Pharmacy
Established out of Faculty of Science in late 1960s, this faculty includes departments of Pharmacy, Pharmacology etc.

Departments
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

Constituent Colleges
Bangladesh Homeopathic Medical College, Dhaka
Government Homeopathic Degree College, Dhaka
Mymensingh Homeopathic Degree College & Hospital, Mymensingh
Government Unani and Ayurvedic Degree College, Dhaka

Faculty of Biological Science
It was established on the 1 January 1974. Previously the departments of this faculty was associated with the Faculty of Science. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soil Science, Microbiology , Botany & Zoology are the mention-worthy departments of the faculty.

Departments
Department of Botany
Department of Zoology
Department of Soil, Water and Environment
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Department of Psychology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Fisheries
Department of Clinical Psychology
Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology

Affiliated Colleges
College of Home Economics, Dhaka.
Bangladesh Home Economics College, Dhaka
National College of Home Economics, Dhaka

Faculty of Business Studies
It is one of the leading faculties of University of Dhaka. In 1922 , one year after the establishment of University of Dhaka, Department of Commerce was founded under Faculty of Arts. Later in 1970 it started its activities as a separate faculty.

Departments
Department of Management Studies
Department of Accounting & Information Systems
Department of Marketing
Department of Finance
Department of Banking
Department of Management Information Systems
Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Department of International Business

Constituent College
Military Institute of Science & Technology, Dhaka
Faculty of Social Science
Established in late 70's, this faculty includes leading departments like Economics, Public Administration, International Relations, Political Science and Sociology.

Departments
Department of Economics
Department of Political Science
Department of International Relations
Department of Sociology
Department of Mass Communication & Journalism
Department of Public Administration
Department of Anthropology
Department of Population Sciences
Department of Peace and Conflict Studies
Department of Women and Gender Studies
Department of Development Studies

Constituent College
Civil Service College, Dhaka

Faculty of Arts
The oldest faculty of the University includes departments like, Philosophy,History,Mass Communication & Journalism,English,Linguistics,Bengali, Arabic etc.Information science & Library management is here.

Faculty of law
Department of Law

Faculty of Medicine
Constituent Colleges/Institutes
Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka
Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh
Sher-e-Bangla Medical College, Barisal
Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka
Bangladesh MedicalCollege, Dhaka
Jahurul Islam Medical College, Kishorganj
Faridpur Medical College, Faridpur
Medical College for Women, Dhaka
Zainul Haque Sikder Womens Medical College, Dhaka
Dhaka National Medical College, Dhaka
Community Based Medical College, Mymensingh
Moulana Bhasani Medical College, Dhaka
Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka
Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka
Kumudini Womens' Medical College, Tangail
International Medical College, Gushulia, Gazipur
Ibrahim Medical College, Ibrahim Sarani, Dhaka
Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College, Gazipur
Shahabuddin Medical College, Dhaka
East-West Medical College, Dhaka
Enam Medical College, Dhaka
IBN Sina Medical College, Dhaka
Begum Khaleda Zia Medical College, Dhaka
Nothern International Medical College, Dhaka
Nightingle Medical College,Sarkar Market, Dhaka
Dhaka Dental College, Dhaka
Pioneer Dental College, Dhaka
City Dental College, Dhaka
University Dental College, Dhaka
Sapporo Dental College, Dhaka
Bangladesh Dental College, Dhaka
Samajvittik Dental College, Dhaka
College of Nursing, Mohakhali, Dhaka
Kumudini Nursing College, Tangail
International Medical College , Gazipur
Bangladesh Health Professions Institute (BHPI), Savar
National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic
Rehabilitation Centre, Dhaka
State College of Health Sciences, Dhaka
Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, Dhaka
Institute of Health Technology, Dhaka
Institute of Medical Technology, Dhaka

Faculty of Education
Technical Teachers' Training College, Dhaka

Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine and Research
Constituent Colleges/Institutes
Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka
Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka
Mymensing Medical College, Mymensingh
Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barisal
Dhaka Dental College, Dhaka
National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic
Rehabilitation Centre, Dhaka
National Institute of Preventive & Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Dhaka
National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka
National Institute of Chest Diseases and Hospital, Dhaka
National Institute of Ophthalmology, Dhaka
Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka
Armed Forces Medical Institute, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka.
Mirza Ahmed Ispahani Institute of Ophthalmology &
Islamia Eye Hospital, Dhaka
BIRDEM Academy, Dhaka
Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Ultrasound, Dhaka.
National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka.
National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital, Dhaka.
National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka
Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka.
Centre for Medical Education, National Health Library Building, Dhaka.
Lions Eye Institute & Hospital, Dhaka.
Institute of Child Health & Shishu Hospital, Dhaka.

Institutions
The institutes are the constituent schools of the university with separate governing bodies. They function under the executive and academic control of the University. There are in total 9 Institutes in Dhaka University.

Institute of Education & Research (IER)
The Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka, was established through the joint efforts of the University of Dhaka, the then Government of Pakistan and the U.S. AID ( then ICA) Mission. The U.S. AID Mission in the then Pakistan entered into a contract with the Colorado State College, (later became University of Northern Colorado), Greeley, Colorado, U.S.A., for professional services to establish, organize and direct the initial stages of IER, including advanced overseas training of teachers. The contract came into effect on November 1, 1959. The classes of the Institute began on July 1, 1960 with 33 students of one year M.Ed. degree program. Over the year it has expanded and diversified its programmes. Number of students increased from 33 in 1960 to 700 (academic year 2002- 2003). The Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka is an apex institute in the field of professional education in Bangladesh. It is the only Institute of its kind under the public universities of Bangladesh which offers teaching programmes leading to higher professional degrees, conducts advanced research studies and provides extension services in education. Its professional staff, most of them having overseas post-graduation and doctoral degrees and long experiences with specialization in various aspects of education render professional services to Government sponsored committees and commissions on education to help develop the education sector of Bangladesh and provide consultancy services at both national and international levels.
At Present there are 47 posts of full time teachers in IER.
The Institute was started in 1960 with the following objectives:
To promote and to provide facilities for advanced study and research in education.
To provide teaching, and guidance in order to prepare candidates for the degrees of Master of Education and Doctor of Philosophy in Education of the University
To provide courses of further study for those already qualified to engage in educational work.
To provide services for those concerned with higher education in the University Teaching Departments and affiliated or constituent colleges.

Departments of IER
Department of Pre-Primary and Primary Education: This Department is as old as the Institute of Education and Research itself. Since inception it has been working as the degree offering department and produced a good number of M. Ed. degree holders with specialization in Primary Education. These graduates have been serving in the different sectors of Education in the country. The Department of Pre-Primary & Primary Education offers M. Ed. courses for both Day and Night.

Department of Special Education: The Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka offers a regular program of studies in Special Education at the graduate and post graduate level for students intending to work as teachers and planners for special children: the deaf, the blind and the mentally retarded. This program enjoys the distinction of being the first course of its kind in Bangladesh. A successful completion of four years and one year program of studies would entitle the students respectively to Bachelor of Education (Hons.) and M. Ed. in Special Education.

Department of Nonformal and Continuing Education: The Department of Non-formal and Continuing Education started functioning from 1999-2000 academic session. The NFE department is established to cater to the needs of ever-increasing demand of academically sound and professionally qualified personnel for the fast expanding non-formal education sub-sector of Bangladesh. The M. Ed. program of NFE department offers specialised courses in non-formal and continuing education areas and provides practical experiences through internship in collaboration with organizations/institutions involved in non-formal and continuing education programs at grassroot level.

Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance: Educational Psychology and Guidance is one of the oldest department in the Institute. Educational Psychology, which is carefully designed for the general students of all other departments of the Institute is taught by this departmental staff. It also offers various other courses for the departmental students from the field of Educational Psychology, such as Child and Adolescent Psychology, Psychological Test, Application of Psychology in the Classroom, Mental Hygiene etc. Students from other departments may also choose a few courses from this list for their optional requirement.

Department of Language Education: The department of Language Education offers a wide selection of courses in English and Bangla languages, language structures and communication. Its purpose is to prepare skilled manpower in language teaching, writing and experts in the field of Education requiring a strong background in language. The minimum requirement for getting the Master of Education degree is to complete 50 credit hours. A student has the option of writing a thesis in lieu of 10 credit hours.

Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education: In the initial years of IER, Department of Secondary Education offered science courses for the secondary science teachers. The Department of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education was established as a separate department in the year 1973. In 1999 Department of Science & Mathematics Education has been renamed as Science, Mathematics and Technology Education. The main focus of the department is to carry out teaching and researches in science, Mathematics and Technology Education. The department offers courses in Development of Curriculum and Instructional Materials, Innovations & Quality Improvement in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Evaluation and Research in Science and Educational Technology. The department also offers advanced academic courses in science and technology education.

Department of Educational Planning and Management: The Department of Educational Planning and Management offers a variety of courses in administration, management, supervision, finance, planning and law. The department administers M. Ed. programs for B. Ed. (Hons.) students during the day and M. Ed. for practicing school teachers and administrators during the night. The courses are designed for students in order to promote understanding among them about efficient school administration system. Its overall purpose is to prepare students for challenging positions in teaching, administration, management, planning and leadership in the school system. In all the courses, dynamic role of the administrators are high-lighted.
Department of Educational Evaluation and Research: Department of Educational Evaluation and Research provides a wider opportunity to contribute to the education field of Bangladesh by enrolling students at post graduate level from 1999-2000 academic year. The department believes that, research lies at the heart of educational innovation and improvement. Thus, it fosters a research milieu to develop expertise in the field of educational research and evaluation through offering taught courses and thesis ( mandatory) for its students as part of its current activities. Along with various ‘school of thought’, courses have been designed, especially, on "Classroom Action Research" aiming at developing expertise to make contributions to the quality improvement of classroom activities.

Department of Social Science Education: Department of Social Science Education at the Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka is the only department of its kind in Bangladesh. This department conducts teaching and research works in various aspects of the development of social science education in the academic world of Bangladesh social science curriculum and instructional materials and promotes students’ assessment.

Department of Curriculum and Instructional Technology: Curriculum, planning and development is a highly professional and technical task. Curriculum is considered as the core of all educational activities. In other words, the education system of a country rotates centering the curriculum. Considering the significance of this area in education department of curriculum and Instructional Technology has been introduced at IER. This is the only specialized department in the country which aims at preparing specialized manpower for the national curriculum system.

Institute of Modern Languages
Institute of Modern Languages (hereinafter ‘the Institute’) was established on 1 July 1974. According to the 6th Statutes of the Dhaka University Order 1973, the Institute functions under the executive and academic authorities of the Syndicate and the Academic Council of the University.
The main aims and objects of the Institute are (i) to promote and to provide facilities for the study of Modern Languages; (ii) to provide teaching, training and guidance in order to prepare candidates for the Certificate of Proficiency, Diploma of Arts in Modern Languages, and for such other Diplomas and Degrees that may be decided upon by the University; (iii) to provide such other services and facilities for training as may meet the needs of linguistic scholars, foreign services personnel and others. At present the Institute offers 1-year non-degree courses (120 hours each course) on Bangla (only of the foreigners), Arabic, Chinese, Korean, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Russian, Spanish and Turkish language courses. In addition to the above courses, M.Phil., Ph.D. programs and 18-months MA in ELT is available at the Institute. Besides, short courses on various languages are also offered. A library and 5 language labs are available at the Institute.
A research Journal entitled “Journal of the Institute of Modern Languages” is published once a year by the Institute. This Journal contains research papers on linguistics and language education contributed by teachers and scholars of the relevant fields.
At present total number of the teachers is 49 (full time: 25, part-time: 18, visiting foreign teachers: 6) and the number of the students is 1,581 (session: 2005-2006).
In 1947 48 a new department was opened at Dhaka University, the Department of International Relations. It was the first of its kind in any university of this entire region, particularly so because foreign languages had been included within its curriculum. The next year, Pakistan Government sanctioned two 'special' posts of lecturer to this department: one for teaching French, the other for Chinese.
During the academic year 1949 50 the academic reports tell us that Mrs. Hicks “is continuing to work on a part time basis”, so she had possibly been teaching French during 1949 49 or even earlier. In August, Lieu Yih Ling joined as a lecturer of Chinese, while Mrs. Mayne came as a temporary part time teacher of French in 1950 51. At the end of this year when she went home Mrs. Madeleine took her place. They continued to work as lecturers of French and Chinese for the next two years.
Soon after the language movement in East Pakistan in 1952, the Central Government refused to continue to pay the salaries of language teachers from 1953 54. As the university was not able to pay them from its own budget, the two teachers along with Mr. Dahm, the teacher for German courses that had been introduced. in the meantime, had to return home. The annual report this year mentions that `they will be badly missed by their students, revealing how very popular they had been.
During 1954 55 Mrs. Waseem was teaching German, while Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah taught French. He probably taught for this year only, as we find that next year, during 1955 56, Miss Alsop, the Head of Department of International Relations was teaching French, Mrs. Gardiner joined this year as a teacher of German. During 1956 57 Mrs. Carvel Painter taught both French and German, while in 1957 58 French was taught by Mrs. Munimunnisa Khatun, and German by Mrs. G. Mahmud.
The Senior course in German was introduced during 1961 62 through the courtesy of the German Consulate in East Pakistan: Karl Peter Grune Joined as a full time lecturer in July 1963. That year an unprecedented rush for admission into French and German languages compelled the authorities to turn away a large number of applicants.
Perhaps this rising eagerness among students to learn foreign languages made the authorities decide to open the Department of Foreign Languages in 1964 where French and German syllabuses were given new shape and form. Examination results were in terms of first, second and third class, with certificates and diplomas being awarded at the end of courses. Students were now allowed to take these languages as subsidiary subjects for Bachelor of Arts courses. Although at this stage the foreign languages was limited to French and German only, expectation was that if teachers became available, languages like Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Turkish, Indonesian and Spanish could be introduced too.
Significantly, even after it became a department, Foreign Languages remained a part of International Relations, since Dr. M. A. Aziz, the head of International Relations was simultaneously the head of Foreign languages, and continued in such capacity till 1973. In fact, the annual reports of 1968 69 for these two departments came out together in the combined name, Departments of International Relations and Foreign Languages.
M. Rouche, the Director of Alliance Francaise was teaching French in the Department during 1964 65 and is mentioned as a part time lecturer while his wife Mme Danielle Rouche is shown as a 'part time teacher' of French, showing specific differences between the two posts. This year many students took admission in foreign languages, and 67 students appeared for the final examination, of which 25 got first class.
Posts were created in the department for teachers of Russian and Turkish during 1965 66. This year 65 students appeared for the final examination, of which 24 got first class. Mrs. Widdowson came to teach French during 1966 67, while in 1967 68 Mrs. G. Pibrovec joined as teacher of French and Walter Schweppe as a senior lecturer of German.
During the same year Ali Gencelli joined in the newly created post of teacher of Turkish, introducing courses in this language. “Scientific German”, another course was started this year too, and 22 students appeared in the final examination. Of these 19 passed, 11 with first class. In the examination of Junior German and Junior French, 15 and 17 students passed respectively. This year Russian language was introduced as well, where 12 out of 15 students passed. Two students also appeared in Diploma Course in French, one with first class. Two students also appeared in Diploma Course in German of which one passed.
Mr. Abu Syed Shahabuddin taught Russian during 1968 69, while Mr., Le Goff arrived as the visiting teacher of French. This Year Mr. Aziz Mallam from Mauritius joined as a part time teacher of French. His coming was remarkable since he worked here for almost 17 years, teaching French to students of Dhaka University till 1986. Later, he went on to teach at Alliance Francaise of Dhaka, and work at the French Embassy at Dhaka. In 1992 he returned home.
In this academic year 1968 69, fifteen students participated in the German Junior certificate course examination of which 14 passed, nine with first class. In French Junior certificate course, six out of seven passed, five with first class. In French Diploma course two students appeared and passed with first class.
The Junior course in Chinese was opened in 1970 71 under A. H. M. Abdul Haye. About 36 students joined the course, 15 as regular students. At this time Dr. Shafiq Hyder was teaching Russian. The turbulence of our struggle for liberation made it impossible to hold final examinations on schedule this year, and these were held after the liberation of Bangladesh
In the year 1972 73, Mrs. Panomareva came as an honorary professor of Russian. Mr. I. A. Chowdhury, a full time teacher of Japanese introduced the Junior Course in Japanese this year, where 68 students took admission. Mr. Moazzem Hossain joined after Mr. I. A. Chowdhury left. Dr. W. Smith, the Director of Alliance Francaise joined as a part time teacher of French this year. 95 students took admission into the Junior Course in French, while 15 Joined the Senior Course. 75 students joined the Junior Course in German. five entered the Senior Course, and seven enrolled in Scientific German Junior Course. 35 students entered the Junior Course in Russian while Chinese Junior Course had seven students, with one student in the Senior course.
It is significant that at this till le the Department of Foreign Languages had only one full time lecturer, Mr. A. H. M. Abdul Haye, teaching Chinese. He was appointed the Chairman of the Department of Foreign Languages during 1973 74. French had three part-time teachers at this point Mr. Aziz Mallam (French), Dr. Muniruzzaman Miah (ex VC of Dhaka University), and Nora Sharif. Towards the beginning of this academic year Mrs. Briggitte Leonburger was teaching German, after which Walter Sweppe took over from December. Miss Mitsui Osada was the part time teacher of Japanese. Mrs. Panomareva was still continuing to work on an honorary basis, while courses in Spanish were offered for the first time, this year under Dr. Sajjadur Rashid.
At this time French, German, Japanese, Russian, Chinese and Spanish were the six languages being taught in the department, with French being the most popular with the highest intake. German and Russian were the next most popular. Both Junior and Senior Courses were being given in all the languages except Spanish where only Junior Course was offered. French was also offering Diploma Course. This year the political disturbances on campus led to the halls of residence being closed down and the University declared closed during term time. The final examinations which were scheduled to take place in May 1974 were finally held in July. 102 examinees appeared of whom 50 passed in the first class, 24 in the second and 18 in the third class.
On the first of July 1974 the Institute of Modem Languages was established as an integral part of Dhaka University, incorporating the Department of Foreign Languages of 1964 into its constitution.

Institute of Statistical Research and Training
ISRT [3] offers 4-year Bachelors degree in Applied Statistics and 1-year Masters in Applied Statistics. Students who are interested can seek admission in Bachelors program after being selected in the admission test under the faculty of science and conducted by the University of Dhaka.
B.Sc. Honors in Applied Statistics:
The B.Sc. Honors course in Applied Statistics is a four years program. It is an integrated program. The examination consists of four parts, one at the end of each academic year. Each student has to take a total of 32 units of the courses (carrying a total marks of 3200) extending over the four academic years. The program includes courses of both theoretical and applied natures, but more emphasize is given on the application of the statistical techniques to real life situations. The course is so designed that, after successful completion of the course, the graduates are equipped to work efficiently and competently in government and non-government organizations, institutions, service departments and other related fields. A student with high academic attainment in SSC and HSC or equivalent levels with Mathematics as a subject of study is eligible for admission. The Regulations for admission of the students and the examinations will be the same as those of the B.Sc. Honors Course in the Faculty of Science.
Class Size: 50 Faculty Student Ratio: 1:14
M.Sc. in Applied Statistics:
The Master of Science (M.Sc.) course in Applied Statistics is a one academic year program The M.Sc. examination in Applied Statistics is taken in two groups, namely, General group (Group A) and the Thesis Group (Group B). The total credit unit of the course is eight. A one unit course carries 100 marks while a half unit course carries 50 marks.
A selected number of students will be considered for Thesis Group on the recommendation of the Academic Committee. A thesis student shall be required to submit a thesis carrying 150 marks (120 marks for the thesis and 30 marks for the viva on the thesis). The other students belonging to Group A have to take a project work and shall be required to submit a project report carrying 50 marks and advanced statistical computing carrying 100 marks.
In addition, each M.Sc. student (Group A and Group B) will be required to give at least one seminar during the academic year. It is a non credit course but compulsory. the qualifying performance in the seminar should be equivalent to minimum 40% marks. The grade to be assigned will be satisfactory or not satisfactory. The examination committee and the available other members of the academic committee will evaluate the performance in the seminars.
The regulations for admission of the students and the examinations will be same as of the M.Sc. course in the Faulty of Science.
Admission in B.Sc. Honors in Applied Statistics:
A general admission test is taken by the Dhaka University authority and any student pursuing to study B.Sc. honors in Applied Statistics has to appear in it.
Admission in M. Sc. in Applied Statistics:
Generally the successful students of the B.Sc. (honors) course in Applied Statistics are allowed to get admitted in the one-year Masters program.

Institute of Business Administration
Institute of Business Administration (IBA) carries the distinction of being the pioneer of all the business schools of Bangladesh. It is absolutely free from any kind of session jam.
With a tradition of reflective thinking buoyed by a no-compromise quality orientation, IBA has taken many strides towards excellence. A strong combination of rich inputs and active processes in a supportive environment has made IBA the most prestigious professional training institute in the country.
Key strengths of IBA are: • A unique curriculum designed in line with North American Business Schools with the functional areas being aptly supplemented by various support areas. • An active learning approach where student participation is practiced and encouraged. • An effective teaching method with an optimum blend of experimental and experiential learning. • A highly trained and experienced faculty who bring into the classroom a multitude of experience and viewpoints. • Dynamic and motivated students. • A support culture for learning and research fostered within the same building with various essential facilities such as a computer center, library, canteen and rooms for group discussions. The Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of Dhaka was established in 1966 in collaboration with the Indiana University, Bloomington, USA under a Ford Foundation Financial Assistance Program.
The objective of the institute is to provide professional training in business administration. IBA started with the MBA Program in 1966. MPhil and PhD programs were later introduced in the 1970s, while the BBA Program was launched in 1993.

Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences
The INFS offers academic courses in Nutrition and Food Science. At present the Institute runs the following courses:
(i) Four years B.Sc. (Hons.), (ii) One year M.S., and (iii) Ph.D.
Apart from the academic programs the activities of INFS include basic and applied research in different aspects and fields of nutrition and food science including nutrition survey and surveillance, laboratory experiments, research in nutrition, food sciences, microbiology, health sciences, food and nutrition policy, evaluation of interventions, technical advisory services, and training. Since its establisment the INFS has conducted most of the nutrition research and training in Bangladesh. It also played an important role in nutrition advocacy drawing attention to the urgency of the nutritional problems and recommending means to address it. The INFS will continue its academic and training programs in various fields of nutrition and food science for development of trained manpower, field level activities in the assessment, experiments in the laboratory, monitoring and analysis of nutritional problems, and in the evaluation of the intervention programs.
The INFS has a group of highly qualified and experienced faculty members. They are from diverse disciplines, such as Nutritional Biochemistry, Food Science, Microbiology, Clinical Nutrition, Applied Nutrition, Community Nutrition, Social Nutrition, Nutrition Education, Nutrition Planning, Biostatistics, Bioengineering, and Instrumentation.
The Institute has its own library, having 10000 books, journals and periodicals, in the second floor of its building. Most of the books are on Nutrition, Biochemistry, Medical science, Food science, Microbiology, Economics, Home economics, Biostatistics, Sociology, Computer, Instrumentation and others. The teachers, the researchers and the students of the Institute can borrow books from the library; besides, books can be studied in the library.
The Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka is a pioneering organization of research and teaching in the field of nutrition in Bangladesh. It was established in 1969 as a follow up of the 1962-64 National Nutrition Survey. Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad, an internationally reputed scientist and scholar, was the founder director of the Institute. Initially it was located in the first floor of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Dhaka. Later on, by the year 1982, the Institute moved to its new building.

Institute of Social Welfare and Research
Social Welfare: Recent Look/Understanding The social welfare concept took a new direction in the nineteenth century, through certain processes and not by an accident. This was an era of social and technological change with intellectual adventure. The traditional concept of social work, charity with immediate assistance did not stand in the test of the changing time. It melted away before the challenge of emerging psycho-social and economic problems hatched by speedy growth of population, rapid industrialization and urbanization gave way to the modern concept, where belief in the dignity and potentiality of human, respect for his/her personality came in the fore. And ultimately the "Lady Bountiful" was replaced by the professional social worker to give solace and relief to the suffering humanity. With the ever-increasing socio-economic problems, coupled with the wide acceptance of the concept of welfare state, the scope of social welfare as a profession has widened and got a momentum. Moreover as the history attests, substantial progress made by this profession in the shortest possible time, in the developed as well as the developing countries, has given it a firm footing and an assurance of smooth go-ahead.
Social work education is comparatively a new phenomenon in Bangladesh among other social science disciplines. The first social welfare study was started with an introductory course in social work of three months duration in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1953. The College of Social Welfare and Research Centre at Dhaka the first of its kind in East Pakistan was founded in 1958 as a constituent college under the University of Dhaka. On February 9, 1973 the College was merged with the mainstream of academic programs of University of Dhaka and holds the name Institute of Social Welfare and Research (ISWR). Administratively the Institute is governed by a Board of Governors (BG) chaired by the Vice-Chancellor under the 8th statute of the Dhaka University Order 1973. The Director of the Institute is responsible for the overall management and supervision of the Institute. Academically and Administratively the Institute follows rules as envisaged in the statute of the University of Dhaka.
Aims of the Institute: i. Providing teaching, field training and guidance to prepare candidates for the degree of Honours, Masters, M. Phil, and Ph D in Social Welfare. ii. Developing indigenous reading or teaching materials in social welfare at all levels of social work education in Bangladesh particularly field practices research or through organizing seminar, workshops etc. iii. Undertaking self-sponsored academic research projects, accepting research projects sponsored by public or private organizations. iv. Facilitating professional social work through seminar, symposia, conferences and publications. v. Establishing contact with national and international organizations in social work education, research and practice for furthering social welfare interests.

Institute of Health Economics
Since the early 1990s, the Health Sector of Bangladesh has been undertaking huge interventions so as to rapidly improve the health status of the population. Accordingly, in the fourth and fifth health sector programmes, the targeted coverage of the sector has been substantially expanded. The magnitude of health services to be devoted per person has been increased, and the measures have been proposed to drastically enhance the quality of services. Implementation of the plan requires huge amount of resources, but relative availability of resources has been declining. Given the growing scarcity of resources for the Sector, the only way to increase the coverage and improve the quality of services is to intensively utilize the existing facilities and allocate resources to the sectoral activities more efficiently. Increased allocative efficiency of resources requires, on the other hand, imparting regular training in health economics to the managers and professionals of the sector and others carrying out research on health economic issues.
The Government has increasingly felt the need for training of the personnel of the sector and conducting research in health economics, and started sending officials abroad to study health economics. It later became evident that the cost of overseas training of each person is so high that the government will not be able to train the required number of personnel using the small amount of fund received from the donors. In such a situation, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) approached the University of Dhaka to establish an Institute to offer post-graduate degrees and conduct training programmes in Health Economics and carry out research on health economic issues. As a result, the Institute of Health Economics (IHE) was established in the University of Dhaka in July 1998 with the financial support of the Department for International Development (DFID) and the University of Dhaka.
Institute of Information Technology
In the annual session of June 2001, The Dhaka University Senate established Institute of Information Technology (IIT) by converting the erstwhile Computer Center (Estd. in 1985). The aim was to train skilled manpower in the field of Information Technology (IT) and to establish computer network in the University. The three-storey red ceramic IIT building has a silent ambience and it adjacent to Dhaka University Science Library and Khondker Mukarram Hussain Science Building.

Bureaus and Research Centers
Bureau of Economic Research
Bureau of Business Research
Bose Centre for Advanced Study and Research in
Natural Sciences
Centre for Advanced Studies and Research in
Biological Sciences
Dev Centre for Philosophical Studies
Renewable Energy Research Centre
Centre for Advanced Research in Humanities
Centre for Advanced Research in Social Sciences
Semiconductor Technology Research Centre
Biotechnology Research Centre
DU Cyber Centre
Nazrul Research Centre
Nazmul Karim Study Centre
Disaster Research Training and Management Centre
Dr. Sirajul Haque Islamic Research Centre
Centre for Biomedical Research
Bangladesh-Australia Centre for Environmental Research
Delta Research Centre
Centre for Advanced Research in Physical, Chemical,
Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences - The Centre of Excellence
Centre for Advanced Research in Arts and Social
Sciences - The Centre of Excellence
Centre for Corporate Governance and Finance Studies
Center for Microfinance and Development
Japan Study Centre
History Research Centre
Centre for Development and Policy Research
University and Industry Alliance
Professor Dilip Kumar Bhattacharya Research Centre
Organic Pollutants Research Centre
Refugee and Migratory Movement Research Unit
Center for Administrative Research and Innovation-CARI
Dhaka University Earthquake Observatory
Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue
Dhaka University Arboriculture Section